What advantages or disadvantages are there of having a telephone mast at your school?

I thought in discovering you an outcome, never the less I will give you an unprejudiced view point and give you a down to business answer†¦ Consequently I have arranged a rundown of visual cues for and against for the answer†¦ For * Good telephone signals are set up so an educator can without much of a stretch contact others (by means of cell phone) if the conditions are blustery. * If a telephone mass was established, organization's the nation over would make there organizations close by so all workers could advantageously get to solid telephone signals meaning Clayton would be mainstream town meaning a lift in neighborhood economy†¦ * People would see Clayton as a more business neighborly town, which means more recreation possibilities since organizations may set up significant workplaces and buildings†¦ * Small towns might be changed into a flourishing city on the grounds that a splendid signals†¦ * May bring dissenters in spite of the fact that they would require transport and convenience in this way it places cash into the economy again†¦ * If significant organization's build large workplaces close by others might be convinced to make different things close by to cook for the all specialists' requirements for instance bistros and extravagance outlet stores for rich individuals who work in the offices†¦ * If flourishing organization's beginning up in the town different structures will come also, for instance the organization may need a structure close by were they can have there site (bunches of servers) so they don't need to make a trip far to look after hardware, implying that they will purchase more land prompting home operators and close by individuals picking up loads of cash, which will encourage more be siphoned over into the economy†¦ * If significant organization's set up in the close by town, enormous organizations, for example, BT and so on will feel forced not to have an office in the town in light of the fact that the town will be well known brimming with people†¦ * More shops would show up on the grounds that the town would be so well known significance loads of individuals would purchase items from that point shop†¦ * There is no genuine proof to recommend that the EM radiation utilized in cell correspondences is hurtful. Against * There are fears that cell phone poles present a danger to wellbeing, these feelings of dread start with the warming of the mind direct from cell phones, this leads onto the potential reasons for malignant growth that originate from telephone poles for example cerebrum tumors, this is the reason for microwave radiation. * You may experience difficulty resting over the long haul and you could be in danger from getting a cerebrum tumor. Likewise if somebody somehow happened to remain almost a telephone pole they may be in danger of getting influenza. * Seven unique investigations had presumed that cell phones could build the odds of both dangerous and favorable cerebrum tumors'. * Can be viewed as ugly for instance, if there is rich view around the town the pole would in a split second annihilate it†¦ Meaning that if the town is viewed as a country, it is no in a flash changed as a urban town†¦ * Newcastle is focused on more seasoned individuals (London is focused on more youthful individuals) Therefore they will be against the change†¦ How it functions Cell phones work utilizing radio signals likewise to radio and TV. The framework depends on geographic regions known as cells. At the point when you make a call, your cell phone imparts a sign to the closest base station that controls a phone. The base station at that point transmits the sign through portable and fixed line systems to associate you. Cells fluctuate in size contingent upon area and request. A huge base station might have the option to convey 100 to 150 calls at the same time while a littler one may just have the option to haul around 30 calls. Increasingly base stations will be required in zones where heaps of individuals need to utilize their cell phones. There are around 51,000 base stations in the UK, 66% of which are coordinated into the plan of existing structures or structures. End This is a truly debateable subject, anyway I trust the visual cues I have eagerly given have made it simpler to me to make a solid decision†¦ If I was placed responsible for settling on this choice I would be for the phone pole since it would carry significant organizations to Newcastle-under-Lyme which would be incredible for the economy, There are around 70 million cell phones being used in the UK which of whom need to base stations, this is the reason one ought to be made in Newcastle since they must be made! Individuals may dissent and revolutionary about this in spite of the fact that this wouldn't make any difference an excess of in light of the fact that sooner or later individuals will forget†¦If we put a phone pole in Newcastle quite possibly Newcastle under Lyme could be totally changed generally advantageous! Some significant burdens would be that it could cause hurt towards the regular folks and that the change could outrage the more seasoned open since they probably won't care for flourishing city's and incline toward the very villages†¦

What do you think Shakespeare is saying about the Theme of Love Essay Example

What do you think Shakespeare is stating about the Theme of Love? Paper From the earliest starting point of the play, to be specific the preface, it is clear that Romeo and Juliet will rotate around two topics: love and disaster. In Act 1 Scene 1 Romeo says, Heres a lot to do with detest, however more with adoration. The theme additionally acquaints us with the possibility of a couple of star crossed darlings ending their life. Shakespeare utilizes emotional incongruity to permit his crowd to focus on the occasions paving the way to the catastrophe, instead of the genuine disaster itself. For this situation, we are cautioned of the dreadful entry of their demise stamped love. This sensational incongruity additionally permits the crowd to concentrate on the other fundamental topic of the play, love, and to differentiate totally different types of adoration with the one primary enthusiasm, that of Juliet and Romeo. The preface is written as a work, customarily an affection sonnet. This serves to make a sentimental air from the initial scene. In this manner it is startling that the main reference to adore in the play is completely sexual. The initial two characters we meet are Sampson and Gregory, two Capulet hirelings. They are profane and rough, making numerous sexual references and innuendoes. They don't consider love to be including feelings or wants, however as a simply physical ware, sexual not passionate. Sampson recounts how he will assault the servants of the Montague family: Ladies being the more vulnerable vessels are ever pushed to the divider I will push Montague㠯⠿â ½s men from the divider, and push his servants to the divider. Both Sampson and Gregory have unimportant and restricted impression of affection. Neither of them seems to have ever experienced genuine affection. They talk in a rough and coarse way, gloat about their own characteristics and consider ladies to be objects not individuals. They are shallow and harsh, mirroring the awkward individuals of society. We will compose a custom paper test on What do you think Shakespeare is stating about the Theme of Love? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on What do you think Shakespeare is stating about the Theme of Love? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on What do you think Shakespeare is stating about the Theme of Love? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The following type of affection we see is Romeos fascination for Rosaline. This is totally based around her magnificence, as Romeo has no information on her character. She is wealthy in magnificence He makes reference to nothing, in any case, of her character, aside from her lack of engagement in marriage. Her dismissal has caused him much wretchedness, and subsequently he considers love to be coldblooded and harsh. Love is a smoke produced using the smoke of murmurs. This analogy looks at affection to disagreeable sensations brought about by smoke contamination, for example, suffocation and loss of vision. Romeos language is intricate and smooth. Anyway his language seems excessively exquisite, recommending manufacture. He outlines what was anticipated from a pining darling by remaining in sycamore forests and closing himself away from light. This is too sensational to even think about appearing reasonable. Romeos abuse of expound allegories causes his adoration to appear to be fake and bothered. Being cleansed, a fire shimmering in sweethearts eyes, Being vexed, an ocean supported with sweethearts tears. This presents two unique sides of affection, bliss and wretchedness as a result of dismissal. He additionally attempts to communicate these two clashing states with the utilization of confusing expression. Plume of lead, brilliant smoke, cold fire, wiped out wellbeing, As yet waking rest, that isn't what it is! The second type of fixation less centered around in Romeo and Juliet is Paris emotions towards Juliet. At the point when he initially shows up in Act 1 Scene 2, he appears to be a mindful, delicate character, communicating his lament that the quarrel between the Montagues and the Capulets has endured for such a long time. In fact, Montague alludes to him as Gentle Paris. At the point when he converses with Juliet in Act 4 Scene 1, he appears to be as yet mindful and amicable, saying initially Pour soul, thy face is quite mishandled with tears, yet possesive over Juliet, asserting that by crying she has vandalized his property, Thy face is mine, and thou hast criticized it. He is additionally sure that she restores his emotions, in spite of the fact that he has had no immediate love from Juliet herself and she is acting briskly towards him. He says,So will ye, I am certain, that you love me. Like Romeo, he carries on in the methods of a grieving darling after Juliets passing, laying blossoms at her tomb and discussing his melancholy gracefully: Sweet bloom, with blossoms thy wedding bed I fling, O misfortune, thy overhang is residue and stones, Which with sweet water daily I will dew. Afterward, he asks for Romeos kindness to lay him with Juliets body in the tomb to bite the dust. Another, differentiating type of adoration, which experiences numerous progressions all through the play, is love appeared by guardians for their youngsters. The Montagues, having a little part in the play, regularly discuss their affection for their child. Master Montague communicates his anxiety at Romeos odd conduct when he says: Would we be able to yet gain from whence his distresses develop We would as eagerly give fix as know. Toward the finish of the play, when the collections of Romeo, Juliet and Paris are discovered dead, Lord Montague reports that his significant other has kicked the bucket since she lamented for Romeos oust. The Montagues show love and insurance for their child. The Capulets parental love for Juliet changes commonly. Toward the beginning of the play, Lord Capulet specifically shows a solid fatherly consideration towards her, thinking of her as emotions about wedding Paris. He talks about her exceptionally, Earth hath gulped every one of my expectations yet she, She is the confident woman of my earth My will to her assent is nevertheless a section In any case, in Act 3 Scene 4, Lord Capulet doesn't appear as chivalrous as in the past. He tells Paris Sir Paris, I will make a urgent delicate Of my childs love. I figure she will be dominated In all regards by me; nay more, I question it not. Right off the bat he said that he would agree to the marriage if Juliet did, and in Act 3 Scene 4 he asserts she ought to have nothing to do with the issue, that she will obey him. By Act 3 Scene 5, he shows no thought of her contemplations whatever, and utilizes extraordinary affront against her. We have a revile in having her.He likewise utilizes language to assault her looks. As Juliet has not really done anything definitely off-base, Lord Capulet has nothing to blame her for, so he affronts her picture with hostile, brutal allegations which don't identify with the reason for his displeasure, for example, You green-disorder remains, out you things, You fat face Hang thee youthful things, rebellious blackguard. His affections for Juliet change once more, after he thinks she is dead. His language contains a lot of redundancy. He has two short addresses in which he records numerous words identifying with death and abhor and rehashes the words murder and youngster, demonstrating his incredulity and pain at such a youthful demise. Loathed, bothered, despised, martyred, murdered To kill, murder our gravity? O youngster! O kid! My spirit and not my kid. Dead workmanship thou, alack my kid is dead. Damned, troubled, pitiable, disdainful day. Woman Capulet is much colder towards Juliet. She doesn't appear to have a lot of part in Juliets life, aside from in Act 4 Scene 5 when she sees Juliet dead. She cries O me, O me, my youngster, my solitary life. Resuscitate, gaze upward, or I will bite the dust with thee This stands out totally from her mentalities towards Juliet in the remainder of the play. After the contention among Juliet and her folks about union with Paris, Lady Capulet doesn't communicate a lot of outrage or disillusionment, however excusal and disconcern, which I believe is significantly colder than Lord Capulets destructive abuse. Talk not to me, for Ill not talk a word, Do as thou shrink, for I have finished with thee. Woman Capulet and Juliet converse with one another officially, Juliet tending to her mom as Madam, while she tends to her dad as Good dad. Woman Capulet considers love marriage a social frill. She in this way thinks Paris is a perfect counterpart for her little girl as he is rich, mainstream and has a high spot in the public eye. It is this kind of value that she esteems in her sweethearts. Like the medical caretaker, she thinks it is exceptionally significant that marriage improves societal position and presumably doesn't really cherish her better half. She wants Juliet to be cheerful, yet accepts that having an affluent spouse is the best way to do this. She is very shallow and doesn't see behind social lines, accepting that picture given to pariahs is increasingly significant that comfort. The Nurse considers love to be a significance that characterizes ones future bliss and societal position, to some degree like Lady Capulets sees. Be that as it may, as Mercutio, the Nurse alludes frequently to sex. She plays with the expression, ladies develop by men, taking it in two implications, that ladies develop by methods for economic wellbeing, a lady turns out to be progressively noteworthy once she is hitched, and ladies truly developing, in pregnancy. The medical attendants character is one of the diverting parts of the play. Shakespeare utilizes this funniness to lift the dismal air. The medical caretakers character, and particularly Mercutios character, utilizes roughness in their jokes. I am the toiler, and drudge in your joy/however you will bear the weight soon around evening time. This alludes to the culmination of Romeo and Juliets marriage. The unrefined pieces of the play would have spoke to the lower class and less refined individuals from the elizabethan crowd. A vital character in Romeo and Juliet who gives a humourous yet rough disposition to adore is Mercutio. His cleverness is for the most part rough and annoying. He makes jokes to the detriment of Romeo, the attendant, and Tybalt, which demonstrates deadly. He considers love to be a reason for adequate sexual action. In a large number of his scenes he makes visit sexual references, for instance in Act 2 Scene 1. Mercutio is shouting to a fanciful Romeo (thinking Romeo is at home), utilizing language that would goad him. He professes to invoke Romeo as though he were a soul, by talking in a sexual man

Visual Learning with Mind Mapping (Guide)

Visual Learning with Mind Mapping (Guide) This is a guest post by  Jesse Berg, MSIT, M.Ed. Jesse  is the author of Visual Leap: A Step-by-Step Guide to Visual Learning for Students and Teachers  and a  former teacher, instructional technologist, and educational speaker. Connect with Jesse on Twitter via @visualleap.   Mind mapping is often considered a visual learning strategy for brainstorming or visualizing ideas, but it is actually far more than that. The value of mind mapping goes beyond simple webbing done in elementary school. It is a universal thinking strategy; a way to organize ideas and learn just about anything. As I explain in my book, Visual Leap: A Step-by-Step Guide to Visual Learning for Teachers and Students, the reason mind mapping works so well is because it matches how people naturally think which is not how most people are taught.   In this article, I offer a breakdown of the  cognitive learning theories  behind how the visual learning technique, mind mapping, can assist learners. I also provide 8 template mind maps, which you can take straight to the classroom. Why is Visual Learning So Useful for Learners? For teachers and students, mind mapping offers a fundamentally different way to work with information. For most of our lives, we are asked to learn information that is presented in a linear form. Lectures, videos and textbooks all present information in orderly linear ways with a beginning, middle and end.  This is excellent for delivering information, but synthesizing and integrating new information the key to deep learning requires very different cognitive processes. This is where visual learning and mind mapping come in. Mapping allows students to capture ideas and integrate content in no fixed or prescribed order, and in ways that use multiple senses. When mapping an idea, a person can skip around from topic to topic, but rather than leading to confusion, mind mapping provides  an effective way to capture thinking as it happens. Using our visual, spatial and kinesthetic senses, mind mapping allows people to build a visual model of a concept and organize that information logically. Mind mapping lets learners interact with ideas like puzzle pieces. This allows them to see ideas develop and reflect on their thinking as ideas take shape.  Interacting with ideas by moving them around visually and spatially gives learners an authentic and self-directed method to work with information and construct new knowledge. The definition of metacognition is a  reflection on one’s own thinking, and mind mapping creates an environment where this naturally occurs. Mind mapping is a uniquely elegant learning strategy because it seamlessly integrates linear, convergent (left-brain) thinking with divergent, non-linear (right-brain) thinking. This visual learning strategy effectively engages the whole mind in processing and analyzing new information. By engaging the whole mind in learning, mind mapping makes learning easier. Whether individuals consider themselves to be visually oriented learners or not, mind mapping provides the ideal framework to develop ideas.  It can be used for note taking, writing, reading comprehension, presenting, comparing, review, analysis and much more. Teachers who explore mind mapping as an instructional strategy will be surprised by the countless ways to integrate this universal visual learning strategy. Cognitive learning theories justify mind mapping in education, but your students’ response to the method is the most important proof you will need.   Don’t take my word for it. Test mind mapping for yourself. Experiment with non-linear thinking in your classroom. Provide students with a new framework in which they can see their ideas develop. How to Start Mind Mapping in Class There are myriad ways to integrate mind mapping into teaching and learning. To start, try using mind mapping as a way to assess the prior knowledge of your class. Have students map out what they already know about the topic you are about to teach. For young students, try mapping a simple topic like “pets.” For older students beginning a unit on World War II, for example, use that topic as a main idea to develop. As students build visual maps, they will see how their initial ideas fit into a larger picture of the lesson or unit. As the unit covers more content, continue to build on your maps to reflect acquisition of new knowledge. Teachers and learners alike will gain a  deeper understanding of the content by seeing how information fits together as a whole. Plus, using mind maps this way is one of the best ways to clearly show the growth and learning that transpired from the beginning of a unit to the end. Mind maps are beneficial in any subject. They can demonstrate what teachers aim to achieve in a lesson or term, they can be integrated into classes as teacher-led activities and students can create their own. Below are a few examples of how to use mind maps as a visual learning strategy in education. Go ahead and use these in your own classroom, or use them as a springboard from which to make your own: Character web (ELA) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Character Analysis Web (i.e. Calamity Jane) on MindMeister. Summary web (ELA) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Summary Web on MindMeister. Persuasive essay (ELA) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Persuasive Essay on MindMeister. Article comparison (ELA) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Article Comparison on MindMeister. Event analysis (SS) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Event Analysis on MindMeister. Lab report (Science) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Lab Report on MindMeister. Classification (Science) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Classification on MindMeister. Textbook note taking (Study skills) Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Textbook Chapter on MindMeister. Teaching your students how to learn Mind mapping offers students a bold new way to think critically, analyze information, and see their ideas develop. It allows students to use their creativity to think in a way that matches how they naturally process information. As one recent High School graduate said after a workshop on mind mapping: “I always felt that I was slower than the other kids, that I was dumb. Now I feel like I can go to college.” Mind mapping gave him a powerful learning strategy and newfound academic confidence. It unlocked his mind.  This student’s experience demonstrates how mind mapping can transform the lives of students by providing them with a new way to learn. If this big, easy method impacts your students as it has impacted me and mine, then teaching this skill will be among the greatest services you can deliver as a teacher. It will prepare your students to be independent thinkers, problem solvers and lifetime learners capable of solving the surprises of an uncertain future. If you teach your students how  to learn with this visual learning technique, you will provide them with a tool for lifetime success. Introduce mind mapping in your classroom for Education From $1 per student! for Education

Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare - 532 Words

In William Shakespeare’s, classic play, Romeo and Juliet, a young girl, Juliet, has fallen in love with a boy from a feuding family, Romeo. Friar Laurence, the priest, has married them against the rules. Juliet’s cousin, Tybalt starts a fight with Romeo and Romeo kills Tybalt. Romeo, in hysteria and distress goes searching for Friar Laurence’s advice, since the Friar is the only one who knows about the marriage besides the Nurse, Romeo and Juliet. In Scene 3 of Act 3, Friar Laurence’s speech reveals many of Romeo’s character flaws. In Act 3, Scene 3, Friar Laurence is yelling at Romeo to stop feeling sorry for himself and to be grateful for what he has. He starts by saying â€Å"Art thou a man? thy form cries out thou art: Thy tears are womanish; thy wild acts denote The unreasonable fury of a beast: Unseemly woman in a seeming man!† (56) The Friar just wants Romeo to start acting like a man and to stop crying. Friar Laurence is upset with Romeo because he is just crying and feels sorry for himself. Friar Laurence just wants him to â€Å"man up.† Then the Friar goes on by saying â€Å"What rouse thee, man! Thy Juliet is alive for whose dear sake thou wast but lately dead† (56). The Friar is trying to show Romeo that there are positives into this situation. The Friar is fed up with Romeo just thinking about the bad things when the most important thing is that Juliet is still alive. Friar Laurence continues by saying â€Å"There art thou happy; Tybalt would kill thee, But thou slewsâ€℠¢t Tybalt;Show MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare619 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is a play written in the 16th century that’s about a tragic love story between two teenagers who come from rival families, yet fate brings them together and despite the grudge that each family holds for the other; they fall in love. Throughout the story they hide their love from other people especially their families and marry and when Romeo is banished for murder they conceive a plan to run off together. From this story, we learn how two teenagers deceiveRead MoreRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare818 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history, Shakespeare has been given credit for the popularizing of tragedies, causing a tragic hero to be seen as a reputable character. In Shakespeare’s story â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† two ill-fated lovers are caught between the bitter hatred of their two families. Knowing their parents would never approve, Romeo and Juliet struggle to keep their love a secret. Though the story ends in what most people would view as a tragedy, Romeo fails to meet the characteristics of a tragic hero establishedRead MoreRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare967 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare In Romeo and Juliet the beauty and ardour of young love is seen by Shakespeare as the irradiating glory of sunlight and starlight in a dark work. Discuss the techniques that Shakespeare would have used to capture this dominating image of light. In the time of Shakespeare, his plays would have been performed during the day, using natural light from the open centre of the theatre. Since there could be no dramatic lighting andRead MoreRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare893 Words   |  4 Pagesare. In the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, the playwright used the Nurse, Lord Capulet, and Friar Lawrence to show how taming the wills of the teens and forcing their wishes upon them could turn the play Romeo and Juliet into a tragic love story. The Nurse is one of the adults who is to blame for the tragic end of Romeo and Juliet.The Nurse is like Juliet’s mother and has a lot of trust towards the Nurse, but this changed when Juliet met Romeo. When Romeo and Juliet decided to getRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1197 Words   |  5 Pagesforbidding it’s deadly, referring of course to the classic William Shakespeare play of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, set in Verona, Italy. The play examines two families, the Montauges and the Capulets caught in an ongoing battle of hate, however two of the children manage to find love. All is not fair in love and war, and this play examines some examples of how love and hate correlate to each other in this captivating tale of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†. It’s a feud so deep and long lasting it seems that nothingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet925 Words   |  4 Pagesmade by Romeo. This happens right after Romeo gets to Juliet’s grave, then meets Paris, fights Paris, and kills Paris.[a]Right before Paris dies, he says â€Å"Oh, I am slain! If thou be merciful, Open the tomb. Lay me with Juliet† (Shakespeare 5.3.72-73). Paris is brave and proud enough to tell Romeo, the person that kills him, to put him in the grave next to Juliet, who he was going to marry. Romeo’s true love for Juliet caused all of this in the first place. In the play, The Tragedy of Ro meo and JulietRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet967 Words   |  4 Pagesof ‘Romeo and Juliet’ written by William Shakespeare. Shakespearean time was between the middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution and it was branded by religious changes. William Shakespeare is widely known as the greatest dramatist of all time. Born April 1564, Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is no doubt one of his most famous pieces. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was first published in 1597 and its tragic story of banned love still captures the creativity of its audience today. ‘Romeo and Juliet’, althoughRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian

Civil Rights Movement And Christianity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3029 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Rights Movement Essay Did you like this example? It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences.i This quote from Audre Lorde was from a series of poems written in 1994 entitled Our Dead Behind Us. This quote could be used to describe most African Americans mindset a few decades ago when the Civil Rights movement was the most prominent battle going on in the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Rights Movement And Christianity" essay for you Create order Even today, about 50 years later, those words ring true about political beliefs between citizens and politicians over ideas such as health care, international relations, or a wall. The Civil Rights movement is often praised as a political event, but what was the religious and spiritual meaning to it as well? This paper will be looking at the Civil Rights movement that happened in the United States during the 50s and 60s, while also looking at the role of Christianity within that movement, for both the African American protesters looking for freedom, and the white oppressors looking to stop them. Also, it will look at other Civil Rights activists like Malcolm X, whose conversion to Sunni Islam also provided a different out look to Civil Rights activists. The Civil Rights movement began in earnest in the 1950s, although there were actions that occurred prior to that time that focused on civil rights. As early as the late 1890s and early 1900s, African Americans were debating the best way to achieve their rights.ii Should they rise and try to take their rights by force, or should they use a nonviolent tactic and use their words and more polite actions to at least try and get attention to their issue? William James, a great philosopher, once wrote that those who oppose war must create a substitute for wars disciplinary function and a moral equivalent of war.iii While James was giving his speech and promoting this in New York, another nonviolent believer was putting this into action in another part of the world. As we have read throughout this course, Mohandas Gandhi was one of the best advocates for nonviolence. First, he opposed a law that required Indians who were in South Africa to register with the government. Beatings and jail time for the Indians commenced, but a peaceful public outcry ensued because of the violence shown by government officials towards nonviolent Indian protesters. This led to a compromise in South Africa and prompted an idea for Gandhi. He returned to his homeland of India with this new strategy of nonviolence and opposed the British colonization of India for the next forty years. Eventually, the Indian people won independence without fighting a bloody war against the British.iv Gandhis words and actions laid the foundation for nonviolent action, and his work would be utilized and celebrated in the United States during the Civil Rights movement by many other activists, including the most famous one in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 to a middle-class African-American family in Atlanta, GA. His childhood could only be described as filled with endless amounts of love, and he credited the hope he always spoke about in his public life and speeches to the secure and loving environment he was raised with.v His life, however, was so much like those who lived around him. Segregation wasnt the problem for King when he was growing up? Rather, it was the oppressive and barbaric acts that grew out of it. Police brutality, legalized prejudice, the terrorism of Ku Klux Klan, and profound economic inequalities were just some of the hurdles he had to overcome early in his life. vi A moment of such horrific treatment came when at the young age of fourteen, King was forced to get up from his bus seat by a white man. Not only was he removed from his seat, but then had to stand for the 90-mile bus ride. King said that injustice will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life.vii Martin Luther King was one of the most prominent and outspoken people from the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955/56 until his murder in 1968. The quote used at the beginning of this was something that King always preached, talking about your differences and the uniqueness they bring to each individual citizen. These differences are not what divides people, but rather peoples inability to accept them as normal and rather look at differences in skin color as a curse rather than a blessing. But King also had a background that was a unique in the fact that he was a preacher and used the churches as gathering places for nonviolent protestors to meet in peace to discuss methods of action. Faith also helped King to preserve in this work through death and bomb threats to not only himself, but to his wife and daughter as well. So how much does Christianity play a role in instances like this? Probably more than most people realize. Max Stackhouse argues that while the deep roots of human rights ideals are rooted nowhere else than in the biblical tradition, these values remained a minority tradition (within the Church) for centuries.viii What Stackhouse is saying is the idea of all humans having equal opportunity and fair share can be found in biblical faiths and traditions framework. They may not appear to those who look on from the outside, but those within see these ideals through and through. Stackhouses ideas were used to explain the Churchs past in my first source. Charles Villa-Vicencio used this quote in his book entitled Christianity and Human Rights. He says that for hundreds of years Christians promoted religious intolerance against any other religion. However, many of these values and practices are today rejected as contrary to a human rights culture and moral decency.ix Villa Vicencio argues in this text that the relationship between Christianity and the human rights tradition can only enrich society to the extent that the relationship is sustained by mutual critique and correction.x Martin Luther King believed the same thing Vicencio is saying here. Human rights for all people, no matter skin tone, religion, or political party, can only happen through dialogue, debate, and communication and not by segregation and brutality against those who seem different, but really arent. Though Martin Luther King is often given the credit for developing a nonviolent strategy, it can be traced back to the New Testament. Matthew recounts Jesus teaching this very philosophy: You have heard that it was said, ?Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth. But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also (Matthew 5:38-39).xi Scripture was the basis to not only Kings speeches, but to the Civil Rights movement as a whole. Genesis was often quoted by main protestors who said God created all of creation in his image and likeness, meaning black or white, Christian or Protestant, all were created with Gods likeness in mind. These voices were often shut down, but in the 1960s, a new idea was presented. Author Frank Lambert writes of a time where not only were African Americans seen as political and economic outsiders, but religious ones as well. They had enough of being treated not only as second-class citizens, but as second-class human beings. When they were tired and fed up with their cries being heard, they decided to do something about it. These protesters charged the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) establishment with perpetuating a morally bankrupt society that promoted greed, war, racism, and sexism. The new voices offered alternative interpretations of the gospel that were more inclusive and emphasized justice for all.xii What resulted was a grassroots movement that found its greatest power, not in legislative assemblies and courtrooms, but in a determined, persistent, and effective politics out-of-doors, in which an oppressed people broke unjust laws in the name of a higher law.xiii As we ha ve seen today, the marches and protests in the streets of our country tend to have a much bigger impact then those issues brought to court, not because they get things done, but bring issues out to the public eye that may have seemed hidden before. When Martin Luther King was confined in the Birmingham Jail in 1963, he wrote that and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.xiv Again, we see Kings connection to his faith getting him through the difficult event of being in jail. I often believe that he was portrayed as a present-day Moses, sent to help liberate African-Americans in the United States from something they considered close to slavery. This quote backs that up and talks about the Apostle Paul and his conversion from Christian persecutor to writing letters to the early communities. Of course, black churches werent always this locked in to public issues. Paul Harvey and Phillip Goff edited a chapter in the book The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945. That chapter was entitled Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, and it presents documents that explore the close relationship of religion and the black freedom struggle of the 1950s and 1960s. Harvey and Goff write that it took deep religious faith to sustain the thousands of black Southerners who stood up in the face of white Southern power, endured petty daily harassment as well as more explosive acts of terrorism (beatings, bombings, kidnappings, lynchings, and the like), and sought to redeem the soul of America, as the manifesto of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) proclaimed its mission to be.xv So, because of their faith and the belief in themselves, African-Americans feel what they are doing is important to help redeem America from the racist sins it was committ ing. Now, this paper has sort of a timeline as far as civil rights activists promoting nonviolence to fight for their civil rights. It started with Gandhi and his movement to help India be liberated from the rule of Britain. His work was then studied and applied by Martin Luther King in the United States to help African-Americans fight for equality. Those two and their work affected not only the people they were fighting for, but others who were fighting for a just cause. One such person came to the forefront in 1962 to fight not directly for one race, but many who felt shortchanged with their wages. His name was Cesar Chavez, and the cause was farmworkers whos working conditions were worse from the grape growers who employed them. Chvez organized a series of farmworker strikes in the produce fields in the 1960s, where migrant laborers of Mexican descent toiled for low pay in terrible conditions. Migrant workers had briefly captured the attention of the nation in the 1930s when the Okies, whites from the American South and Southwest, migrated to California in search of work and often ended up picking produce in the fields.xvi Chavez ran into infighting during his movement, so he began a fast for weeks to show his followers that violence may be a quick idea, but it will never allow you to reach your goal. This was true about Ceasar and his fast because it brought the sides together to sign a labor law and begin discussion for better conditions. He gave up his health to help reach a goal, but it was only him who suffered and no one else. The Movement attracted so much attention, that after wrongful arrests of peaceful protestors, senator Robert Kennedy stepped in to support the farmworkers and their movement, whi ch showed that this was much more than a race issue, but a wellness and equality for workers issue. So how did religion and Christianity play into Cesar Chavez and the farmworkers movement? Chicano workers often displayed an image of our Lady of Guadalupe. Our Lady of Guadalupe holds a special place in the religious life of Mexico and is one of the most popular religious devotions. Her image has played an important role as a national symbol of Mexico.xvii Also, before marching, workers often celebrated mass to prepare them for not only the work and journey they will be a part of that day, but also the insults and attacks they may face from opponents who dont believe in their cause. It also gave them the strength not to fight back or go against the nonviolent movement that had brought them so far. During Martin Luther Kings fight for civil rights, there was another activist fighting for the cause named Malcom X. His was the world of Denmark Vesey, Harriet Tubman, and Henry McNeil Turner†a realm where the spiritual answers the existential call of the political. The spiritual and the political constituted a single domain, and this was the world Malcolm X and countless others inhabited.xviii Malcolm X believed that more politicians should be more spiritual, because it would make life so much easier for them as far as laws and political debates. He had an epiphany, they claim, either on his Mecca pilgrimage or shortly after his announcement to leave the Nation of Islam (NOI). Even Malcolm himself at times made similar statements, arguing that the separation was a result of his exposure to true Islam.xix Malcolm said later, there was a split. The split came about primarily because they put me out, and they put me out because of my uncompromising approach to problems I thought should be solved and the movement could solve. (Malcolm X 1992a, 158) So, from all I read about Malcolm X, it seemed that he was somewhat like Martin Luther King in that he used his words to help spread his message. However, unlike King, it seemed Malcolm X wasnt very keen on dialogue and relationship with white oppressors, but rather wanting African-Americans and revolt against them to take over. That wasnt the foundation of what the Civil Rights movement should be. Its the fact that everyone, regardless of the color of their skin, should live in harmony and have equal billing throughout the country, not one over the other. Now, throughout this paper, Ive looked at the Civil Rights Movement and how religion was a driving force throughout its timeline. But, up until this point, Ive only looked at those who were fighting for their civil rights like African-Americans or Mexican farmworkers. We havent really looked at the other side of the coin so to speak, which is the role religion played for white evangelicals during this time period. Perhaps one reason for this scholarly oversight is that this is not a politically progressive story. Evangelicals were opposed to the civil rights movement and did very little in practical terms to advance social justice for African Americans during the 1960s. Most evangelicals resisted the growth of the federal government and legislation that furthered black rights.xx So, Evangelicals were the one religious movement at the time who saw black people fighting for their rights as absurd. The problem back then was the evangelical church got too much into political battles and statements, which in all branches in Christianity is frowned upon White conservative Protestants, in the South and North, insisted that race relations would worsen because agitation would only stoke the fears and hatreds of whites and that government action on behalf of blacks was only a form of coercion. King rejected this reasoning by noting that morals cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated.xxi King is saying that he cannot go out and try to change peoples morals or who they are as a person. That would be a losing battle. However, what King is trying to do is put forth ideas and rights for African-Americans within the government that protect them from these people who are segregating them, firing them wrongfully, or refusing to serve them at their restaurant or business because of the color of their skin. That was the point of the Civil Rights movement for King, not a country wide faith conversion, but a political battled fueled by faith to help regulate and handcuff these oppressors. The Civil Rights movement wasnt just one battle for African-Americans led by MLK, but rather many movements for different reasons to help those less fortunate than others who were wrongfully being stripped of their rights. Because of activists like MLK, Cesar Chavez, Malcolm X, and Gandhi, different groups of people from farmworkers to regular citizens were looked at and treated differently, like they belonged in the country. This battle for equality hasnt been one yet, as movements like Black Lives Matter show us today that this fight may never end. But its a fight we cannot give up on, and it the forefront of this fight for equal rights, religion is a crutch that these men and women can lean on in order to guide them through the long journey they undertake every day. Works Cited Evans, Curtis J. White Evangelical Protestant Responses to the Civil Rights Movement. The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 102, no. 2, 2009, pp. 245â€Å"273 Harvey, Paul, and Philip Goff, editors. Religion and the Civil Rights Movement. The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945, Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 135â€Å"198. Lambert, Frank. Civil Rights as a Religious Movement: Politics in the Streets. Religion in American Politics: A Short History, STU Student edition ed., Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 160â€Å"183 Abdullah, Zain. Malcolm X, Islam, and the Black Self. Malcolm Xs Michigan Worldview: An Exemplar for Contemporary Black Studies, edited by Rita Kiki Edozie and Curtis Stokes, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, 2015, pp. 205â€Å"226. Audre Lorde, Our Dead Behind Us: Poems When and how did the Civil Rights movement begin? eNotes, 9 Oct. 2011, William James, Moral Equivalent of War, 352, 353, 356. Gandhi, Essential Gandhi, Autobiography Martin Luther King, Autobiography, King, Stride toward Freedom, 90 King, Testament of Hope, 343 Max Stackhouse, Religion and Human Rights: A Theological Apologetic

Development in Durban Free Essays

string(83) " people lived below the poverty line of US 1 \[day \(United Nations Environment\)\." Here at USAID, our mission is to provide economic development and humanitarian assistance to people located all around the world. At USAID we ave a strong sector focused on Sub-Saharan African development. We notice that Durban is an up-and-coming city, with the potential to be a thriving seven million- person city by the turn of the century. We will write a custom essay sample on Development in Durban or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are contacting you about your future sustainable urban development. There are rural areas located around your city which are extremely agricultural, but these farms are in need of exporting their goods in order to make money, and a high poverty level still arises in South Africa. We want to stimulate both Durban and the surrounding rural cities’ economic development and growth through implementing sustainable agricultural evelopment programs throughout the area. Much attention has been raised towards sustainable economic development and growth as barriers are taken down and globalization continues to expand to the most rural parts of the world. We believe that Durban, as a booming city of more than three million people, is a perfect place to implement sustainable urban agriculture and a city where the benefits will be fully reaped. Once these plans have taken shape, countries throughout Africa will take notice of the efficient resource use and city-wide positive development that has taken place. This paper will lay out three advantages that will stem from adding agriculture into urban life: the involvement of women and children in societal development, environmental benefits, and a benefit in food security. As the 17th Conference of the Parties to the UN Conference on Climate Change in Durban is around the corner (l am sure you know but as a reminder the 28th of November), now is a perfect time to seriously consider the benefits of sustainable urban agriculture as a means towards bettering the society, economy, and environment. Why does Durban, South Africa need to involve urban agriculture within its city nd surrounding areas? A r ca, Latin America, and Asia, by the year 2 home to 75% of urban dwellers world-wide. This same study conducted by the Resource Centres for Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) predicted that by 2020, 40-45% of the poor in Africa will be concentrated in towns and cities (â€Å"Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security†). After taking a look at these statistics, one can comprehend the magnitude of the effects on cities that the global population increase will cause. I am going to give you some examples of urban gricultural projects from other cities worldwide before I delve into the positive effects of implementing such projects into your city. Essentially, an urban farm can be found in window sills, abandoned warehouses, and old parking lots. The magazine Farming the City highlights several examples of urban agriculture. One such community-boosting project is under way in Berlin, Germany. Here, the community has come together to convert the unused space of a half-century-old wasteland into an area suitable for growing vegetation and fruits. Activists and community members were the main people involved in the project. The article notes that such spaces would promote community development through the sharing of knowledge, a â€Å"mini utopia† where people enjoy fresh foods and relax (Stipo 7). Architectural design has aimed at building fixtures in the urban sectors of cities, such as in the OosteliJk havengebeid district of Amsterdam. Here, a greenhouse† plan has been undertaken. This greenhouse will feature shops on the ground floor, restaurants on the top and effective uses of window-placement that allow maximum sunlight for the cultivation of crops. The area outside of the greenhouse will be used as a locally- rown vegetable garden. (Stipo 6). Examples such as these show how community development can be achieved through organized gardens run by civilians and new building designs where sustainable practices are enforced. Let me start out with giving a detailed overview of why sustainable agricultural development will be implemented into Durban and the surrounding rural areas. Sustainable development, without the added agricultural term, is defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†l . Why have humans even come to this point where there is an extremely viable chance that future generations will not be able to survive on this planet? The answer can be boiled down to misuse of natural resources and humans’ inability to be environmental stewards, taking care of the land which they rely on for food and water. I Just want to include some data on Africa’s deforestation and poor land use so as to drill home the point of the need for sustainable agricultural methods to be implemented. South Africa, as a growing developing country, should heed warming of the harmful effects that deforestation as tolled upon Earth and its people in recent history. For one, deforestation causes soil erosion, which eventually leads to desertification and the pollution of waterways. Sub-Saharan Africa does not need dry, infertile land. Land needs to remain fertile in order for the production of food to take place. South Africa’s climate does not provide for much indigenous forest, as only 0. 5% of its surface area is covered by it (Collins). Urban agriculture will relieve deforestation, as it provides food to be produced within a city and not on large-scale farms. Much care should be put towards preserving hese forests. Urban agriculture aims at using less resources and the creativity of the human mind to create organic toods which nave the ability to keep the relationship between man and the world a healthy one. The fact that up to 75 percent of the population in 29 Sub-Saharan Africa countries was constituted as malnourished in 2004, is alarming. Most of these individuals farm for a living, not making much money or providing food for their families or even their selves. Malnourishment and poverty essentially go hand in hand. In fact, in the year 2000, 59 percent of people lived below the poverty line of US 1 [day (United Nations Environment). You read "Development in Durban" in category "Papers" Urban agricultural development can be used to benefit the society of African areas. The fact that children and women are forced to work long hours on their farms and are still hungry is mainly due to the fact that they have no money to support themselves. They are not making enough money selling their crops and therefore do not have enough money to buy their own food. As a solution to this problem, Alex Colletta, a columnist for the University of California, Santa Barbara’s daily newspaper, Daily Nexus, writes that by implementing self- ustaining farms into vacant lots and backyards, children and women can â€Å"promote community spirit†¦ rovide fresh vegetables and fruits to several businesses and homeless shelters and also help feed a dying economy by helping small restaurants get the best food for cheap prices† (Colletta 4). As urban farmers no longer have to worry about paying for food, they can make a profit to live on. While the organic farming that Alex Colletta talks about in her article is coming from Detroit, a city in northern Michigan, USA, there is no doubt that the poor in South Africa can use it as form of both a societal community booster and a form of economic development. Detroit has many abandoned factories, and these are what are being used for the new urban farms; Durban can build greenhouses and buildings in non-developed areas in order to promote the citys poor to become urban famers. Bill McKibben writes in his magazine article entitled A Special Moment in History that â€Å"Growing too fast may mean that they [poor people in slums] run short of cropland to feed themselves, of firewood to cook their food, of school desks and hospital beds† (McKibben, 400). He explains in this part of his article how population growth akes it difficult for the poor members of society to sustain their livelihoods. One key pressure in the wake of rising African populations is food security. One major dilemma the poor face in the growing world, food security, centers on individuals’ abilities to have healthy food when they need it. In Amy N. Lerner’s article about food security and food production in the global south, she states that â€Å"research in Africa has found that economic and caloric needs are the primary motivations for populations in urban and pert-urban areas to pursue agriculture† (Lerner, 6). With ising population densities, there is a rise in resource necessities; while this is the case, available labor and land remains low. Urban agriculture has the ability to provide organic fresh vegetables and fruits to a growing population within Durban. Families will be working within the community in order to provide food for community-run farmers markets and for their own families. With the smart use of land-planning, which is a major part of urban agriculture, along with having more people work, smarter, less resource-intensive urban areas will bloom. Three advantages of organic farming are centralized on the society, the economy nd the environment; urban agriculture, as an organic form of farming, brings about all three ot these advantages. The advantage that organic urban farming poses towards cities and its population (society) revolves around the development of women and the alleviation of poverty, which brings about greater food security. Organic public markets, commonly known as farmers’ markets, provide a place where members of society can convene and purchase locally-grown foods. So, by promoting local food production for local needs, global policy should move away from subsidizing corporate food exports and opening p to foreign food imports, which drives small-scale farmers off of their land, and towards a policy that promotes small-scale, environmentally sound farming that provides for local markets (Brecher, Costello, Smith 316). Due to the fact that 59 percent of people worldwide lived below the poverty line of IJS$I ‘day in the year 2000, new forms of aid for those who suffer from wages not able to sustain a healthy livelihood are pivotal in development (United Nations Environment Programme ). With development strategies in place, women and children will learn how to grow vegetables and fruits, therefore being able to feed hemselves and sell food in local farmers markets. An increasing role in women’s livelihoods has an extremely positive benefit for communities. Mayra Buvinic notes in her article Women in Poverty: A New Global Underclass manors in which national and international policies can change and improve to yield great benefits for poor women and the developing world. Two implementations Ms. Buvinic recommends are to â€Å"Increase rural women’s access to agricultural extension services† and â€Å"adopt labor- intensive ‘pro-poor’ economic growth policies that expand employment opportunities† (Buvinic 161). Examples of agricultural extension services include access to current news via internet and television broadcasts as well as agricultural production information and technologies (â€Å"Rural Extension and Advisory Services†). With these services, poor women in urban South Africa will become more knowledgeable as to ways they can improve their livelihoods while still being considered farmers. Urban farmers are realizing that food markets where they can share their products with other members of their community are great places to make money, socialize, and learn new ways to efficiently grow crops. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s â€Å"The State of Food and Agriculture, 2010-2011- Women in Agriculture† report, if women had the same access as men to productive resources, they could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 percent. This increase would cause for a 2. 5-4. percent increase in Africa’s agricultural output (â€Å"State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture† 3). The message essentially being conveyed here is that women who are given equal access to resources as men are will generate more food and be able to deal with food scarcity and poverty throughout their respective countries. As the Center for American Progress points out, 26. 5 percent of African women are poor compared to 22. 3 percent of African male s (Cawthorne ). The societal benefits of poverty alleviation with integration of urban agriculture are great. Giving women the opportunity to work in a community- run garden where they can consume and sell foods gives them an occupation that empowers and insights them with knowledge. These women and children realize that they are helping the environment while improving their ownlivelihoods. Recreation provides physical and/or psychological relaxation, as well as activities where the poor an become educated about ecology, mentions an article on the reasons urban agriculture is important by the Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (â€Å"Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security†) Foundation. The social impacts that revolve around women and children’s participation in urban agriculture are a positive reason to enforce policies that will give them land for the creation of their own urban farms. The environmental benefits of urban agriculture are the alleviation of the costs surrounding transporting foods over long distances, ater-saving irrigation (reclaimed water), and composting materials to use as fertilizers instead of synthetic chemical fertilizers. Even with the amount of deforestation that has taken place worldwide, land is no longer suitable for agriculture. Of the 11 percent of our planet Earth that is suitable for agriculture, humans have destroyed 38 percent of it through poor natural resource management practices (â€Å"Sustainable Agriculture†). Becoming good environmental stewards presents itself as humanities’ last option. There is no longer enough land to provide food for the growing worldwide population. Cities will need to make use of urban agriculture to make up for this discrepancy. An overall adaptation towards organic rather than conventional methods of farming is the future of food production. With less conventional and more organic farming methods, the use of pesticides will decrease dramatically. Pesticides create harm both for wildlife and humans, as toxins seep into waterways and onto vegetation. â€Å"Overall public health and ecological integrity could be improved† through the adoption of organic, pesticide-free, farming practices, says David Pimentel, who is part of the Cornell Department of Entomology. Pimentel 573). Composting can be seen as an environmental benefit in urban green spaces because it provides the soil fertility that otherwise is not present on old construction sites where growing operations are under way. The main benefit that composting brings to urban agriculture, according to Arne Saebo, is that â€Å"high-quality compost consists of many compounds that influence the biological processes in the soil positively, thus improving the physical and chemical soil characteristics (Saebo, and Ferrini 160). Reclaimed water – coming from treated waste water – will be an ffective way to rid of urban waste water and will save water that can be used for other reasons, such as drinking. 2 Local governmental policies need to implement these sustainable, environmentally-friendly practices into Durban’s urban agriculture system, and enforce them. Urban agriculture is economically viable for civilians of South Africa for some key reasons. For one, urban agriculture in Nairobi consists of only one-third private residential land; this means that the other two-thirds of land where crops are grown in the city consists of â€Å"roadsides, riverbanks, and other publicly owned lands† (Romanik, 18). Clare T. Romanik, who works for the think tank Urban Institute, also notes in her article, An Urban-Rural Focus on the Food Markets in Africa, that urban agriculture has less means for the packaging, transportation, and storage of food (18). As noted in the social benefits of urban agriculture stated earlier, food security is a great benefit of growing food that can be both consumed and grown by the consumer; this is also an economically important benefit due to its aid against poverty. According to RUAF, Africa city-dwellers spend 50-70 percent of their income on food (â€Å"Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security†). Growing one’s own vegetables in vacant lots or other creative places within Durban will allow tarmers to botn provide valuable vegetables tor their own consumption as well as for profit sales. People who oppose or are speculative of the implementation of urban agricultural practices contend that available land is decreasing as populations in cities rise. As these populations rise, people are taking the land in informal ways and purchasing rights are not easy to obtain (Romanik 35). Also, some people may be speculative of how organic and healthy the vegetables and fruits coming from these urban farmers truly are. These speculations can be resolved through strict legislative policies. One other concern regarding urban agriculture is the question surrounding if it will support growing cities with enough food. Mr. Pimentel observed a study of both organically-grown and conventionally-grown soybeans between 1981 and 2001. Respectively, the crops produced were 2461 and 2546 kilograms per hectare (Pimentel). As we see here, it is evident that growing food the organic way without powerful pesticides still provides close to the same yield as conventional farming. Investments in sustainable development need to occur, and uickly. Population pressures are continuously throwing wood on the fire that drives legislature and human minds to create new policies and ideas which are necessary to sustain life on earth for all its inhabitants. Investments should be made that incorporate money into the public sector to meet human and environmental needs. Urban agriculture will provide locally-grown, healthy food for members of Durban. A vast sum of money will be saved from paying for food imports if city-dwellers purchase their food from farmers markets and consume food from their own organic arms. For women and children, and society as a whole, urban agriculture will expedite development through invigorating a sense of community and education of ecological processes. Currently, the state of global trade is making life very difficult for those who do not earn a living wage. Locally-grown foods will bring food and money to those who are impoverished. Essentially, I write this as an alert, an invigoration of awareness, that there is a problem of people suffering in South Africa who need food. Solutions to food security and hunger are available: it is within egislatures hands to create policies that allow for city-wide composting, the management of public green spaces, and the development of self-sufficient ways of life for all. How to cite Development in Durban, Papers

Kiss Of The Spider Woman Essay Paper Example For Students

Kiss Of The Spider Woman Essay Paper In the play Fences, which was written by August Wilson, Bono, Gabe, and Alberta are all very important people in Troys life. Bono is Troys best friend, and through him the reader learns that Troy is a very strong character. Through Gabe, people can see some of the guilt Troy has inside. Alberta helped Troy escape from his problems, and have a few laughs every once in awhile. Each one of these characters tells the reader something different about Troy. Throughout the years, Bono has always been there for Troy. They have been friends for about eighteen years. Bono never hesitated to tell Troy anything, especially his opinion on Alberta. ?I know what Rose means to you, Troy Im just trying to say I dont want to see you mess up.? (p.63) Bonos words show the reader how much he cares about Troy. Bono was always straightforward with Troy. He even said, ?Thats right. I know you. I know you got some Uncle Ramus in your blood. You got more stories than the devil got sinners.? (p.13) Much of Troy is shown in Bono because he has been with him through the good times and the bad. Another character who has helped reveal complexities about Troy is Gabe, Troys brother. Gabe has a metal plate in his head; caused by his time in War World II. The government in return gave Gabe monthly checks. The only way Troy was able to pay for his house was through the governments money. ?Thats the only way I got a roof over my head?Cause of that metal plate.? (p.2 8) When Gabe moved in with Miss Pearl, Troy started to feel guilty. He was feeling culpability because not only was Gabes money paying for Troys house, but now he was paying money to Miss Pearl that could have been Troys. When Gabe said, ?Got me two rooms. In the basement. Got my own door key too.? (p.25) Troy felt very guilty. He could have used that money for his own family. Also, almost weekly Troy had to pay $50 to get Gabe out of jail. Neighbors complained that he was disturbing the peace. Gabe added to Troys character tremendously. Alberta is another character that helps reveal some of the complexities of Troy. Alberta is the woman with whom Troy had an affair. She helped Troy escape from his everyday life problems. When asked about Alberta, Troy had replied, ?She gives me a different understanding about myself. I can step out of this house and get away from the pressures and problems?be a different man.? (p.69) When he is with Alberta he feels that he does not have anything t o worry about. This is shown when Troy says, ?I aint got to wonder how Im gonna pay the bills or get the roof fixed. I can just be a part of myself I aint never been.? (p.69) Alberta also helped Troy realize the value of responsibility. When Alberta passed away, Troy was the only one who originally had to take care of Raynell, until Rose said she would. Alberta was very important in this play. Throughout this play, many of Troys complexities are shown through other characters. Through Gabe, Bono, and Alberta, Troy shows all of his complexities as a man.

The Aztecs Essays - Aztec Gods, Aztec Society, Aztec, Civilizations

The Aztecs The Aztec Indians, who are known for their domination of southern and central Mexico, ruled between the 14th and 16th centuries. Their name is derived from Azatlan, the homeland of the north. The Aztecs also call themselves Mexica and there language came from the Nahuatlan branch of the Uto-Aztecan family. The Aztecs were formed after the Toltec civilization occurred when hundreds of civilians came towards Lake texcoco. Late families were unfortunate and were forced to go to the swamp lands. In the swamp lands there was only one piece of land to farm on and it was totally surrounded by more marshes . The Aztec families some how converted these disadvantages to a might empire known as they Aztec Empire. People say the empire was partially formed by a deeply believed legend. As the the legend went it said that Aztec people would create a empire on in a swampy place where they would see an eagle eating a snake while perched on a cactus which is growing out of a rock in the swamplands. This is what priests claimed they saw while entering the new land. By the year 1325 Their capital city was finished. They called it Tenochtitlan. In the the capital city aqueducts (piping) were constructed, bridges were built, and chinapas were made. Chinapas were little islands formed by pilled up mud. On these chinapas Aztecs grew corn, beans, chili peppers, squash, tomatoes, and tobacco. Tenochtitlan (the capital city) was covered in giant religious statues in order to pay their respects to the gods. In the Aztec religion numerous gods controlled an Aztec's daily life. Some of these gods include: Uitzilpochtli (the sun god), Coyolxauhqui (the moon goddess), Tlaloc (the rain god), and Quetzalcoatl (the inventor of the calendar and writing). Another part of the Aztec religion was human sacrifices. For their sacrifices the priest would lay the man or woman over a convex (rounded) stone, then he would take a sharp knife and cut the victims heart out. They did this because they believed that good gods could prevent bad gods from doing evil things and they also believed that good gods got their strength from human blood and hearts so they had sacrifices in order to keep their gods strong. For major rituals warriors were sacrificed, for the warrior this was one of the greatest honors and for minor rituals prisoners were used. In an Aztec marriage the grooms shirt is tied to the brides dress in order to express there bonding and after the wedding incents were burned for 4 days before proceeding with the marriage. In 1519 Hernando Cortes, a Spanish explorer, led over 500 men into Aztec territory to search for gold. Aztecs thought he was a representative for a certain white skinned god so they respected him. It all changed when the Aztecs saw that Hernando was melting down their golden statues and shipping them back to Spain. The Aztecs decided to attack Hernando and his men. The Aztecs were successful and drove the Spanish away. In 1520 the Spanish attacked the Aztec's capital city and destroyed their civilization. That was the end of the Aztec's mighty empire had built so long ago. Work Cited 1) ?Aztec Indians?. Young Students Learning Library. 1993 2) Encarta ?96. CD-ROM. U.S. Microsoft, 1996 .

George Washington Essays (142 words) - Smallpox Survivors

George Washington Essays (142 words) - Smallpox Survivors George Washington George Washington was one of the best leaders to ever live on this Earth. We all know that he was the first president and that tells us right away he was great. As a Virginian from Pope's Creek, Washington was responsible for many things, including keeping us out of war. Washington was not a man for fighting, but when he had to, he got the job done. His technique was to wear out his enemies and get them when they were tired. No matter how big the rival's army was, Washington never gave up. The day of December fourteenth, seventeen-ninety-nine, was the day he lost his first war to laryngitis. His last words, which were "tis well," will always be remembered. There will never be another hero like him to ever live. By: Tom Maltese

To Build a Fire by Jack London analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

To Build a Fire by Jack London analyze - Essay Example Various literary devices such as repetition, flashback and irony help reveal the idea that the man in the story is foolish and that his foolishness leads to his death. Repetition is one of the most obvious literary devices employed by London in order to somehow instill in the reader that the man in the story persists in being stubborn about not heeding the repetitive instructions that nature gives him. One of the most recurring statements in the story is â€Å"It certainly was cold† (London). This particular line appears several times throughout the story, is repeatedly rephrased in many parts, and is portrayed in such vivid imageries of cold. One line that particularly refers to this recurring coldness is â€Å"Once in a while the thought reiterated itself that it was very cold† (London). This particular repetition actually serves as a constant reminder for the man in the story to stop or turn back lest it should be too late to avoid death. Nevertheless, the man goes o n and even thinks that the idea of the cold is funny and that trying to survive it is ridiculous: â€Å"What were frosted cheeks? A bit painful, that was all; they were never serious.† (London) Another instance of repetition that demonstrates the man’s folly is â€Å"Fifty degrees below zero was to him just precisely fifty degrees below zero† (London). This particular line shows how literal the man can get when it comes to interpreting the cold temperature. He knows that it is in fact cold but despite the repeating thoughts of coldness, he remains â€Å"without imagination† (London) and he cannot see through the â€Å"significances† of things. (London) Another particular instance of repetition that abounds in the story is found in the following line where the words â€Å"below† and â€Å"zero† are repeated several times somehow for the purpose of reminding this stubborn man that he must either turn back or die: â€Å"In reality, it w as not merely colder than fifty below zero; it was colder than sixty below, than seventy below. It was seventy-five below zero. Since the freezing-point is thirty-two above zero, it meant that one hundred and seven degrees of frost obtained.† (London) Still, the following line with the word â€Å"cold† repeated four times is one more instance where the author finally hints that the man’s foolishness perhaps run in the blood because somehow he has repeatedly ignored nature’s warnings: â€Å"This man did not know cold. Possibly all the generations of his ancestry had been ignorant of cold, of real cold, of cold one hundred and seven degrees below freezing-point.† (London) Moreover, it is also possible that the repetition in the story has the purpose of achieving a sort of â€Å"hypnotic impact† and to â€Å"produce a mood that is at once somber and sinister† (Labor & Hendricks). The idea of coldness repeated several times in the aforemen tioned lines somehow help create this â€Å"somber and sinister† mood, and may even foreshadow the cold death that the man is to experience toward the end of the story. There is also a hint of irony embedded in this repetition. The repetitive mention of the word â€Å"cold† and the other elements of cold somehow â€Å"reinforce the irony of the man’s failure to recognize [the cold’s] ‘extended’ reality† (Pizer). In short, the irony is that regardless of the fact that the

Public Administration;managing sustainable communities. Midterm exam Essay

Public Administration;managing sustainable communities. Midterm exam - Essay Example This organic kind of development was to accommodate 30,000 citizens within roughly 6,000 acres. A major transport route connected to every division. Stops were situated within the heart of activity, linking each region. Government structures were held within special consideration and they were provided with the locations that seemed or were believed to be the most prominent and easy access. Ebenezer Howard is the founder of Letchworth Garden City and the Garden City movement. In the year 1898, Ebenezer Howard was disgusted at the very distasteful living and functioning conditions within the belatedly 19th Century cities and municipalities. He wrote a manuscript outlining his notions for a totally new system of livelihood. The paperback, Tomorrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, was afterward published again as Garden Cities of Tomorrow in the year 1902. According to McKenzie (1996), Howard envisioned building his Garden City from scratch on an undeveloped six-thousand-acre plot of land. At the center would be a city one thousand acres in area, along with roughly one-and-one-half within diameter. The city is depicted as circular, and crossed from center to circumference by six wide boulevards. At the center would be a five-and-one-half-acre Central Park surrounded by public buildings such as the town hall. Around this park would run a circular Crystal Palace, a glass arcade not unlike the modern shopping mall. Outside this arcade a series of circular streets lined with trees, houses, schools, and gardens would encircle the center. At the edge of the circular city would be the industries, the factories, warehouses, and coal and timber yards, all of which would face outward onto a circular railway encompassing the town and delivering goods to and from the city and its businesses. Outside this perimeter would be a five-thousand-acre belt of agricultural land that would be home to an additional two thousand people engaged in farming. This greenbelt,

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) Robert Konstandelos Operation A sample is made to oscillate using a vibrational unit extended on a rod. The sample is placed between two electromagnetic pieces which are used as the applied field for this this experiment. With the sample oscillating induces a voltage between the search coils which creates a signal to determine the magnetic properties of the sample. Reference coils are used to create a reference signal such that noise generated from the signal can be filtered using a lock-in amplifier [1]. Because the signal and the reference signal are directly related through its voltage and amplitude means that precise measurements can be recorded using a voltmeter. Calibration methods are important to determine the relation between the voltages induced by the magnetic field and the sample and their magnetic properties. Calibrating the applied field is done by increasing the voltage in steps measuring the field until reaching a maximum. The system is calibrated using a nickel standard normally as a number of vo lts per unit of magnetic moment. Many materials such as types of barium ferrite or alnico materials can be placed inside to determine properties. These properties include remanence, coercivity, intrinsic coercivity and operating points once the system has been calibrated. Advantages and Disadvantages in terms of experimental facets The key advantage is the precision and accuracy of VSMs. Taking measurements at a range of angles once detection arrangements for the coils have been devised can be done. The advantage of sample vibration perpendicularly to the applied field can be found once the detection coils have been arranged appropriately. This means that there is the ability to test the sample at different angles. The positioning of the coils are done in a way to reduce the effects of sample position variation and external field variation- essentially deep into the applied field shown in figure 1. Disadvantages are that they are not well suited for determining the magnetisation loop or the hysteresis curve due to the demagnetising effects of the sample. Another problem is that, particularly for the VSM used in the third year laboratory is that temperature dependence cannot be controlled. Figure 1. A schematic layout of the VSM 2. B-H Hysteresis Loop Tracer Operation The B-H hysteresis loop tracer is essentially two coils, one with a sample and the other which is empty for comparison. The insertion of a sample into the pickup coils causes a voltage proportional to the rate of change of the vector field to occur across the difference amplifier. After passing through an integrator, a voltage proportional to the intrinsic induction is passed to the Y-amp of the oscilloscope. This voltage combined with an X-voltage representing the magnetising field generated from the solenoid without the sample results in the generation of a hysteresis loop on the oscilloscope. Calibration is through a balance and phase adjustment to establish a trace on the oscilloscope. They are done to make sure that the magnetising field is linear and that every vector corresponds to the applied field. Measurements for the magnetic properties can then be made. Advantages and disadvantages in terms of experimental facets The coils have the ability to heat the sample such that temperature variance can be observed in the way that the material behaves when influenced by a magnetic field. On the other hand, this could cause overheating of the system which could result in a failure. Using a BH-looper can give the user a more improved visualisation compared to a VSM of the way a material behaves. The values plotted on the scope are only proportional to the absolute values, therefore display yields qualitative not quantitative information about a material magnetic properties. The precision is generally low compared to a VSM. Because a hysteresis loop is viewed using an oscilloscope means that observations of whether the material is a soft or hard magnetic material. And this is why it is used in quality control testing industries like the control of ferromagnetic oxides in a magnetic tape factory. Figure 2. A schematic layout of a BH loop tracer [2]. 3(I) Difference between concepts of Vector Field B, Magnetisation M and the magnetising field H The vector field B represents the magnetic induction. Magnetisation M is the magnetic moment per unit volume of a solid. Magnetising H field is the magnetic field strength. These three quantities are related by the equation. With ÃŽ ¼0 being the permittivity of free space. To show the difference between these quantities, hysteresis loops for a magnetic material shown in figure 4 are used. One of the key differences shown is that the magnetisation saturates whereas the B field increases at a constant rate for certain values for H. The magnetisation is generated by the spin and the orbital angular momentum of electrons in the solid. H is generated outside the material by electrical currents[3]. Therefore, from the equation above, the B field is the combination of H and M which shows the difference between the quantities with the inclusion of the permittivity of free space. A way to show the difference between the 3 parameters is through the representation of a bar magnet in a magnetic field shown in figure 3. Unfortunately, due to the age of the diagram, the labels are a bit old. Hence the ‘True’ field denotes the vector field B and the Applied field represents the magnetisation M. However, the arrows represent the direction and strength of each parameter. It is clear from figure 3 that the Magnetisation is much stronger than the demagnetising field. Figure 3 An example of a magnet being demagnetised in an applied field From figure 4, the two sketches representing of B and M against H can give an understanding of other magnetic properties of the material. The curve on the left can show the saturation of the magnetic material as well as the remanence Mr the remaining magnetisation after the applied field has been turned off. The right hand diagram can show the remanent induction Br and the saturation point of the applied field. In terms of the difference between the parameters, M, B and H, they yield different properties of the material in question. Figure 4 Hysteresis loops showing (a) M and (b) B field against H 3(II) The difference between the susceptibility and relative permeability The relative permeability ÃŽ ¼r and susceptibility χ are very closely related as shown by the equation below: The relative permeability represents a characterisation of magnetic materials. Paramagnetic or diamagnetic materials have permeabilities close to the permeability of free space. However for ferromagnetic materials, the permeability is large in comparison. It represents a multiplication factor. For example, the use of an iron core with a relative permeability is 200 times greater than just an air coil used. So this is a measure of the actual magnetic field within a ferromagnetic material. Susceptibility is a measure to an extent to which a material may be magnetised in a magnetic field. It represents a ratio of how much a material is magnetised compared to the applied field on that material [4]. So the susceptibility specifies how much the relative permeability differs from one as shown in the equation above. References [1] Foner S 1959 Versatile and Sensitive Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer* Rev. Sci. Instrum. 30 548–57 [2] Howling D H 1956 Simple 60-cps Hysteresis Loop Tracer for Magnetic Materials of High or Low Permeability Rev. Sci. Instrum. 27 952 [3] Jiles D 1990 Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (Chapman and Hall) [4] Magnetic Susceptibilty http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357313/magnetic-susceptibility

Ethical Issues in Oroonoko: Slavery

For years, man has illustrated his willingness to perform injustices to those weaker than he. From the bully in the schoolyard, to the king and his court, it seems that man has a desire to control and dominate others. Oroonoko, by Aphra Behn, illustrates that slavery is unethical, humiliating, demoralizing, and worse than death. Oroonoko is a powerful story about the tribulations of a gallant prince named Oroonoko. Throughout the novel, he is shown to be a brave prince and a friend to many. He is given command over an army and shows his military and strategical prowess by winning his battles and conquering his enemies. In the beginning of the novel, the prince presents Imoinda, the daughter of his foster father, with a gift of slaves that had been captured in his victorious battles. For Oroonoko, slavery was accepted and part of his daily life. However, in the novel, Behn presents slavery as a controversial and central issue towards the downfall of Oroonoko. Is it ethical to enslave another human and own them like a piece of property? What does the novel say about an issue such as slavery? The book, in fact, condemns this type of horrific behavior. She illustrates this issue by showing that slavery is demoralizing and humiliating to the people who are involuntary subjected to this kind of torment. In the beginning of the story, Behn describes the native people of Surinam, a colony in the West Indies, as beautiful, respectable, and friendly. Behn says, â€Å"for those we live with in perfect amity, without daring to command ‘em; but, on the contrary, caress ‘em with all the brotherly and friendly affection in the world. † The natives are very useful to immigrants who came from other areas of the world into Surinam. Behn thought of them as being helpful because she could learn their culture and their everyday style of life. Behn finds it, â€Å"Necessary to caress ‘em as friends, and not to treat ‘em as slaves. † Here, Behn says that treating the people of Surinam as slaves is improper and immoral. She says that friends should not be enslaved because they are helpful and caring. Through this effect, Behn considers slavery as an unethical issue. In the novel, Behn displays slavery as an issue that is associated with misery and torment. This occurs when the prince encounters the English captain who deceitfully places Oroonoko and others in captivity. Oroonoko is portrayed in a state of suffering when he is enslaved, â€Å"We were no sooner arrived but we went up to the plantation to see Caesar; whom we found in a very miserable and unexpressable condition; and I have a thousand times admired how he lived in so much tormenting pain protesting our innocency of the fact, and our abhorrence of such cruelties. † While Oroonoko is at the plantation, his attitude is different from when he was the commander of the army. He is miserable, sad, and in a position with less power than he had before. In conjunction with the misery that is involved with slavery, the actions that coincide with a slave such as whippings are also condemned in the novel, â€Å"No, I would not kill myself, even after a whipping, but will be content to live with that infamy, and be pointed at by every grinning slave. † Behn depicts a slave as someone one who is mentally and physically humiliated. In general, public humiliation is and torment is an unethical issue and Behn’s portrayal of misery, humility, and torment proves that slavery is immoral Oroonoko. In Oroonoko, Behn creates a mindset that favors death over slavery. One situation in the novel where slavery is condemned is when the king threatens to send Imoinda off to another country to be sold as slaves. â€Å"He ought to have had so much value and consideration for a maid of her quality as to have nobly put her to death, and not to have sold her like a common slave; the greatest revenge, and the most disgraceful of any, and to which they a thousand times prefer death. † She states that slavery is the perfect revenge against someone who has deceived another. The king orders, that â€Å"they should be both sold off as slaves to another country, either Christian or heathen, ’twas no matter where. This cruel sentence, worse than death, they implored might be reversed. † After constantly repeating the idea of someone preferring death many times over slavery in the novel, Behn shows the reader that slavery is unethical. In conclusion, Behn shows that enslaving a friend is wrong, and that slavery brings about humiliation, torture, and grief. Behn uses the morbid effects of slavery to the extent when she categorizes slavery as being many times worse than death. Using these techniques, Behn gives an immoral connotation to slavery in Oroonoko.

History and Description of a Subordinate Group Member Essay

Throughout the history of North America, there has been one ethnic group who has given up almost everything to the European settlers. Land, home, resources, and dignity were stolen from Native Americans. The long history of the American Indian is being written, even today. Approximately forty thousand years ago, the earliest ancestors of Native Americans migrated across the Bering Strait from Asia on pack ice (Hoerder, 2005). The population rose steadily, and by the time the first substantial settlement of Europeans was established in the New World, Native Americans lived throughout the continent. In the search for more farmland, European immigrants quickly pushed the native population out of their traditional homelands. This migration began the crowding of other native bands, forcing eastern natives to move beyond the Ohio River, thus starting a series of relocations for the Native Americans that continued through the next two centuries. Less than fifty years after the end of the American Revolution, many of the tribes in the northeastern United States sold their land under pressure from the newcomers. Before 1850, these natives migrated west of the Mississippi River. If you traveled to Oklahoma today you would find the same bloodlines that once roamed the New England hills (â€Å"Indians† The Reader’s Companion to American History, 1991). Wanting to live apart from the natives and expecting them to remain controlled, reservations were established, including an Indian Territory (est. 1825) in present-day Oklahoma. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was enacted to populate these newly established areas. President Jackson ordered the forced migration of Native Americans from multiple southeastern tribes. Approximately 4,000 Cherokee Indians perished in 1838-1839 on their 800-mile march, or during their succeeding internment. This tragic event has become known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears†. (American Indian Policy, 2002) Trying to â€Å"Americanize† instead of segregate the Indians, in 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which broke up reservations and gave land to individual Indian families. The idea of the Dawes Act was to assimilate Indians by giving them land from which they could profit. What followed were laws, over the next few decades, which dissolved tribal governments and placed Native Americans completely under the jurisdiction of U.  S. laws (American Indian Policy, 2002). The reservation system is one distinctive aspect of the Native American culture that materialized from their relationship with other Americans. The United States has 310 reservations within its borders. The federal government owns 298 reservations and 12 belong to the states in which they are located. A total of 437,431 Indians resided on reservations or trust lands. That is approximately 22 percent of the Native Americans defined by the 1990 census (Shumway & Jackson, 1995). The United States has proven itself unreliable on its policies and treatment of Native Americans. The government teeters between a policy of segregation, under which Indians are treated as a self-sustaining culture, and assimilation policies, which try to integrate Indian and European cultures. The United States acknowledged Indian sovereignty and established treaties with them. Unlike foreign nations, Indians shared the continent with the quickly growing nation who needed resources, and were quick to form treaties, giving Indians land rights and territorial sovereignty but repeatedly found ways to revoke those privileges.